What Is a Source Domain in a Conceptual Metaphor

Reasons For The Civil War - 1483 Words

Reason for a Civil War There have been many theories as to why the American Civil War was fought. The North had its reasons and so did the South, but the politically correct reason of slavery is not the only factor. The war also was fought for economic reasons that effected both side of this conflict. Secretary of State William Seward said in 1858, â€Å"On one side are those who believe the war had fundamental causes, that the North and South faced an irrepressible conflict, The Northern Industrialists wanted a war to use as an excuse to get the South’s resources for pennies on the dollar, which would increase their profits when they sold the finished products to the South. They began a campaign about 1830 that would†¦show more content†¦President Lincoln was elected by promising that he would raise the tariffs if elected to 40 present, which would increase revenue to North and the Federal system. This promise was also in the best interest of the North and the ma nufacturing base economy. When Eli Whitney’s invented the cotton gin in 1793, cotton became very profitable for the South. This machine reduce the time it took to separate seeds from the cotton. The cotton gin increased in the number of plantations willing to move from other crops to cotton which increased the need for a large amount of cheap labor, in other words, slaves. The southern economy became a one crop economy, depending on cotton and slavery. The South s Cotton became the cash-cow for the southern economy. The southern states produced two-thirds of the world s supply of cotton, the South had little manufacturing capability, about 29 percent of the railroad tracks, and only 13 percent of the nation s banks. The South did experiment with using slave labor in manufacturing, but for the most part it was well satisfied with its agricultural economy (Arrington, 2015). On the other hand, the northern economy was based more on industry than agriculture. The northern ind ustries would purchase the Southern cotton and produce it into the finished product. This differences

Autism Spectrum Disorders Free Essays

Autism Spectrum Disorders has in the past posed some challenges to the human race with regard to addressing the plight of the victims  Ã‚   . This disorder is a cause of severe pervasive mode of thinking impairment, individual feelings, language problems and an adverse relationship to other people. This disorder is primarily diagnosed at the early stages in childhood and progresses throughout the rest of the life of the affected individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Autism Spectrum Disorders or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a complex disability in the developmental stages of a person brought about by neurological disorder with severe effects on the normal brain functioning. The normal brain development is impacted specifically with regard to the areas responsible for social interaction as well as communication skills. This is a real crisis in the health sector due to the fact that for every 150 children below the age of eight years, one of them is a victim of this disorder (Uta, 1991). Social welfare history In this society, autistic and families with autistic children were initially faced with three typical challenges namely lack of financial, emotional and educational support. The families of the children who are victims of autistic disorder were confronted by tremendous financial as well as emotional burdens they also receive little support with regard to the education of these children. The families have therefore to endure a significant financial burden relative to the families with upright children. This arises from the requirement of cutting down the schedules of work or an entire quitting of the job due to the requirement of the duty of caring for these children (Charles, 1992). Further more, there is a very high chance that the families of the children with ASD are prone to delayed or even unattended health-care requirements of their children. They are exposed to insufficiencies and obstacles with regard to the access of the medical care needed by their children. According to Anthony, no difference was noted with regard too the access to usual care, a nurse or a personal provider in normal circumstances. However on the emergency of a special problem for autistic children families, the primary contact point becomes beyond reach and the access to referrals is denied (Anthony, 1998). These families are therefore subjected to particularly enormous as well as stressful emotional situations and financial demands. To complicate the matter, majority of the insurance firms are adamant when it comes to the coverage of the demands of an autistic child. This is because of their perception of the situation as being a form of developmental disorder rather than a disease. It therefore applies that the parents of these children are required to pay large amounts of money from their pocket to access the services of occupation therapy and the speech therapy for their children. The education of the autistic children is also faced with a milliard of problems because the schools are ready to offer a half day session for these children. Therefore the majority of the parents of autistic children opt that they stay at home altogether (Simon, 1995). The history of this disorder dates back to around 1911 in Swiss. ‘Early infantile autism’ was later coined in 1943 with the much milder Asperger syndrome coming much later. These are the disorders that were put under the description of the five pervasive types of developmental disorders which are currently termed as the autism spectrum disorders, i.e., ASD (Judy Sean, 1993). How to cite Autism Spectrum Disorders, Papers

Different Types Of Media Like Newspaper-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is The Different Types Of Media Like Newspaper? Answer: Introducation It is well established that different types of media like newspaper, tv news and internet have significant impact on the health outcome of the Australian people. Healthcare professionals are aware of this fact that people are sensitive to media reports and make their perceptions about the health based on the media coverage. Media has substantial power to set agendas, frame stories and influence the public. Hence, healthcare professionals are considering these facts while providing healthcare service to the people. Healthcare professionals have challenging task to convince people to focus on healthy aspects of media reports and to ignore unhealthy aspects of media reports. Swine influenza (H1N1) pandemic is the recent example of media reports which creates havoc in the public. Reports of this pandemic could have been presented in more ways incorporating preliminary preventive measures. Public would have adopted these preventive measures more rapidly if it would have been displayed in the mass media. It is difficult for the healthcare professionals to communicate this message to everyone. Different types of media are being followed by Australian people. These include free-to-air television, newspapers, radio and social media. Older people are more inclined towards free-to-air television, radio and newspapers, while younger generation is more inclined towards social media as compared to other three medias. It is estimated that approximately 90 %, 70 %, 60 % and 75 % younger people below 40 age are following free-to-air, radio, newspaper and social media respectively. Females (72 %) are more inclined towards social media as compared to the males (59 %) (Antheunis et al., 2013). Males 70 % are more inclined towards newspapers as compared to females 59 %. Males 33 % are more inclined towards tv as compared to females 22 %. People living with partner 76 % without children more prefer to read newspapers as compared to living alone 61 % or living with children 67 %. Par ents living with children (80 %) prefer to listen to radio as compared to the living alone (71 %) or living without children (73 %). People in the high socioeconomic class avail facilities of all types of media as compared to the people in the low socioeconomic class. Scholars in the high schools and the universities get benefit of all types media as compared to the average students. People with the attitude of negative thoughts and those are negligent towards health-related issues, prefer to use social media (Coiera, 2006; Moran and Keating, 2009). Presence of specific class of people in the media also has influence on that class of people in the society. In Australia, approximately 15 % older people above 65 age are there. However, presence of older people in the media is very low. 4.7 % and 6.6 % people above age 65 are present in advertisement and editorial media respectively in Australia. Hence, most of the reports related to the health issues are mainly focused on the younger generation. As a result, older people are not getting accountable benefits in terms of health issues from the Australian medias. Those people who are not constructive of their own lives cant avail benefits of media for improving their health. It has been observed that older people are not giving much attention to the media for maintaining healthy life. However, people away from their families are more reliant on the media for availing benefits for health-related issues (Wakefield et al., 2010). Focusing on specific class of people can have psychological influence on this class of people. In media, most of the reports indicate that women and older people are being victimised due to domestic and social issues. It can have psychological impact on the women and older people. Hence, it may lead to depressive state and negative attribute towards health-related issues. As a result, it is evident that women and older people happened to be sick in more numbers. Older people also complained that negative media reports are responsible for changing their perception about their health. Media reports stated that more money is necessary for the treatment of older people. Hence, these people are keeping themselves away from availing medical treatments (Delgado and Zhou, 2008; De Abreu et al., 2017). It is evident that traditional media like radio and newspaper are insufficient in providing scientifically accurate information related to the health. Few media persons and doctors also agreed that these media failed to communicate health related issues in an effective manner. Hence, it calls for research to improve applications of media in healthcare services. Most of the medias present reports of health implications, however little work has been done to improve its reach to all the people of different classes and different cultures. Most significant obstacle for the effective implementation of media in health promotion is different goals and values of journalists and healthcare professionals. Journalists and healthcare professionals have different concepts of validity, objectivity and significance. Journalists prefer to be anecdotal instead of following statistical evidence. Journalists prefer to display controversies instead of agreement. Statistical significance and agreement are having significant role in improving quality of health and positive medical reporting. Other barriers for the positive medical reporting include lack of medical training for the journalists, time constraints imposed by news production houses and commercial aspects in selecting news and stories (Snow, 2008). News reporters job is to look critically in the health issue and write a story in a balanced, factual and accurate manner. However, it would be difficult for the news reporter to understand complexity of the medical research and present it to the public in simple language which is understandable for everyone. It can lead to the miscommunication and negatively impact health of the people. These stories might exaggerate health issue, generate false hopes and unnecessary fears among the people. Reporters need to understand medical language, procedures and topics before translating this information to the public. However, it is not true to all the media houses. Few media houses, pro ducers and editors are concerned about the pubic health and assist healthcare professional and healthcare organisations in promotion of health. Media persons need to make their articles and stories interesting so that it become appealing to the general public. Media houses should avoid story form the single side. Media houses should take care that there should not be showcase of advertisements which negatively impact health of the public. Australian Division of General Practice stated that advertisement of unhealthy snacks containing high salt and sugar lead to rise in the overweigh and obese people in Australia (Marinescu and Mitu, 2016). Points need to be considered while incorporating news in print, online and tv media include novelty of the medial treatment or medical procedure to the Australia, alternative options for the treatment, evidence based validation of the treatment, benefit to risk ratio of the treatment in absolute or relative terms, cost to harm ratio of the treatment, sources of the information, and conflict of interest. Conflict of interest was the major issue during the swine flu pandemic in Australia. Few media agencies were presenting news about vaccine companies with whom they had conflict of interest instead of presenting news about companies possessing good quality vaccine. ABC news channel running science programme Catalyst. In this programme, two series were broadcasted on questioning link between the rise in cholesterol level and risk of cardiovascular diseases. As a result, there was significant fall in the use of cholesterol lowering drugs by the public. In reality, this is not the case. C holesterol lowering drugs like statins are developed after tremendous efforts by the scientific community and these medications are best in the market for lowering cholesterol. This ABC broadcast made significant negative impact on the health of many people because they chose to stay away from these medications. Same type of case happened about the media reports of hormone replacement therapy. Misleading reports by the media houses about the hormone replacement therapy lead to the dramatic fall in the use of hormonal replacement therapy by menopausal women. In few cases, health related news can increase sale of product like iodised salt. In a program, it was presented that deficiency of iodine can cause brain damage in children. As a result, people wish to provide more amount of iodine to their children. It leads to the dramatic increase in the sale of iodised salt in Australia for a specific time. Even tough, such programmes presented for one or two days, it can impact public for t he longer duration. Hence, media persons should take precautions while presenting health news because it is easy to scare people as compared to unscare them. Medical journals send their media releases about the breakthrough research in the medical filed. In such cases, media houses should not exaggerate the topic because breakthrough research needs validation. In such scenario, public should not run behind such product or discovery without proper validation. These types of exaggerated news might prove to be beneficial for the scientist, however, it might not be immediately beneficial to the public. Media houses should clearly mention these points. Australian Press Council (APC) warned against such news without scientific validation (Kline, 2006; Martinson, 2005). Media houses should validate scientific basis before presenting news related to the medical treatment. Presenting news without any proof can have negative impact on the public health. All types media can reach people with multilingual, multicultural and different socioeconomic classes. Hence, these medias should be effectively used for the health promotion of diverse cultures and socioeconomic classes. Newspaper and radio can reach to people of all the cultures and all socio-economic classes. However, television may not reach to the people with low socioeconomic background. Moreover, newspaper and radio can be accessed at any places. Hence, these media can be utilized for the health promotion for 7 days and 24 hours. Influence of media on the public can be determined by the status of the people in the society. Social media and television should be utilised in the society of high-socioeconomic class and radio and newspaper should be utilised in the society of low-socioeconomic class (Hodgetts et al., 2008). Mass media health promotion campaigns have important role in managing public health issues. It can be done by influencing public behaviour. Mass media campaigns on health issues and its causal factors for youth can prevent risky behaviour and improvement in health. Mass media messages like health impacts of alcohol dinking and risks of drinking during driving can lead to controlled drinking in youth. Showcasing detrimental effects of smoking can reduce smoking in youth and consequently prevention of smoking associated diseases (Chapman, 2007). World health organisation stated that accurate information is helpful in changing behaviour of the public. Mass media proved to be most significant station for providing accurate information to the public. According to the AMIA (Digital Industry Association of Australia) approximately % of Australian youth are using internet and social media. Hence, this mass media campaign would be helpful in improving health of the Australian youth (Ventola, 2014; Naveena, 2015). It has been observed that people of the aboriginal origin are having low life expectancy with increased rates of chronic disease like diabetes, kidney diseases and asthma. It can be well correlated with the media reports about people of aboriginal origin. According to report of Public Health Advocacy Institute Western Australia (PHAIWA), in last 10 years, 74 % of the reports related to people of aboriginal origin were negative. Only 15 % news were positive and 11 % news were neutral about Aboriginal people. Negative news broadcasted about Aboriginal people include fall in employment rate of these people, 5 times more rate of death in aboriginal youth as compared to other youth and approximately 25 % of total prisoners in Australia are Aboriginals while their population is approximately 2.5 % of the total population. Negative news also include alcohol, child abuse, petrol sniffing, violence, suicide, deaths in custody and crime. In these news, Aboriginal people were portrayed as drunk s and violent perpetrators. This lead to the development of racist attitude in the population. Racist attitude among the people have major impact on the health of the people. These types of negative news about the Aboriginal people, lead to the physical and psychological illness in these people. These news about Aboriginal people were mentioned in the print media like The West Australian, The Australian, The Sunday Times and ABC Online news service. In case of these Aboriginal people, it is not wise to give complete blame to media. These media broadcasts might be in response to the comments by the advocates. However, media could have presented these reports in a positive way which could have brought positive changes in these people. Most of the media presented only half story and didnt presented scope for the future. Journalists should mention about the life, culture and concerns of the Aboriginal people which would bring positive change in these people. Media agencies should promot e cultural diversity of the Aboriginal people (Wakefield et al., 2010).; In conclusion, media can be used as most effective channel for communicating health related issues to the public. Public health professionals should utilise social media along with traditional media because increasing number of people are moving towards social media. There should be specialist reporters for healthcare sector with sound basic technical knowledge, gatekeeping and thoughtful approach and investigative capability. Media should be used strategically for public health communications. It would be helpful in minimizing faults and maximizing benefits of media in public health communications.; References: Antheunis, M.L., Tates, K., and Nieboer, T.E. (2013). Patients' and health professionals' use of social media in health care: motives, barriers and expectations. Patient Education and Counseling, 92(3), 426-31. Chapman, S. (2007). Public health advocacy and tobacco control: making smoking history. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Coiera, E. (2006). Communication Systems in Healthcare. Clinical Biochemist Reviews, 27(2), 8998. Delgado, M., and Zhou, H. (2008). Youth-led Health Promotion in Urban Communities: A Community Capacity-enhancement. Rowman Littlefield Publishers. De Abreu, B. S., Mihailidis, P., Lee, A.Y.L., Melki, J., and McDougall, J. (2017). International Handbook of Media Literacy Education. Taylor Francis. Hodgetts, D., Chamberlain, K., Scammell, M., Karapu, R., Waimarie, N.L. (2008). Constructing health news: possibilities for a civic-oriented journalism. Health, 12, 43-66. Kline, K.N. (2006). A decade of research on health content in the media: the focus on health challenges and sociocultural context and attendant informational and ideological problems. Journal of Health Communication, 11, 43-59. Lee Ventola, C. (2014). Social Media and Health Care Professionals: Benefits, Risks, and Best Practices. Pharmacy Therapeutics, 39(7), 491-499. Marinescu, V., and Mitu, B. (2016). The Power of the Media in Health Communication. Routledge. Martinson, B.E., and Hindman, D.B. (2005). Building a health promotion agenda in local newspapers. Health Education Research, 20, 51-60. Moran, A., and Keating, C. (2009). The A to Z of Australian Radio and Television. Scarecrow Press. Naveena, N. (2015). Importance of Mass Media in Communicating Health Messages: An Analysis. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 20(2), 36-41. Snow, J. (2008). How the media are failing the health service. British Medical Journal, 337, a572. Wakefield, M. A., Loken, B., and Hornik, R. C. (2010). Use of mass media campaigns to change health behaviour. Lancet, 376(9748), 12611271.